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![]() ![]() Cell viability, maturation, and differentiation are regulated through the interaction between ECMs and cells, mediated by these bioactive molecules. They form a cellular niche that contains growth factors and various signaling molecules such as proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. The organ-derived scaffolds allow retention of a large number of cells by continuous perfusion of cell culture media through preserved vascular structures or through the supply of oxygen and nutrient-rich blood flow in vivo use. Decellularization of tissues, which is achieved by chemically or physically removing all viable cells from native tissues, has developed to retain 3D structures, such as extracellular matrices (ECMs) and vascular networks, for advanced tissue culture and organ engineering. In addition, a microenvironment similar to that in vivo is necessary to maintain the phenotypes and functions of iPSC-derived cells robustly.Ī possible solution to this challenge is the use of organ-derived scaffolds obtained via decellularization techniques. Thus, it is difficult to supply oxygen and nutrients to a large number of iPSC-derived cells embedded into sheets or printed gels with thicknesses exceeding the limit of cellular viability. However, passive diffusion only has a limited capacity to maintain the engrafted cells. Transplanted cells are generally maintained through the passive diffusion of oxygen and nutrients in these bioengineered systems. The biggest challenge in cell sheet engineering and bioprinting technology is the construction of mass 3D structures. A liver model that reproduces the structure of a liver lobule was developed by bioprinting hydrogel-embedded hiPSC-derived liver progenitor cells. reported on the amelioration of lethal acute liver injury in mice by transplanting sheets of human iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hiPSC-HLCs). IPSC-derived cells have been explored for medical engineering. While the production of a large number of iPSC-derived cells is feasible for some cell types, such as hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, there is an emerging demand for a carrier of these cells in in vivo-like environments, or direct use of a large number of iPSC-derived cells are required. Moreover, stem cell banking mostly relies upon iPSCs >80% of registered stem cell lines are derived from iPSCs. At present, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine, owing to their pluripotency, self-renewal, and ability to construct patient-specific cell lines. Thus, the importance of research on regenerative medicine has increased to understand the pathogenesis of diseases and the compensation of organ functions. ![]() However, the gradual worsening of such organ failure is inevitable, and organ transplantation is the only curative treatment option for patients. Recent medical advances have improved the quality of life and prognosis of patients with end-stage organ failure, such as cirrhosis. The decellularized organ-derived scaffold is a promising carrier for hiPSC-derived cells for ex vivo and in vivo use and is an essential platform for regenerative medicine and research. Moreover, they showed long-term survival accompanied by neovascularization in vivo. The seeded hiPSC-HLCs demonstrated increased albumin secretion and up-regulated cytochrome P450 activities compared with those in standard two-dimensional culture conditions. The scaffolds were implanted into immunodeficient microminiature pigs to examine their applicability in vivo. hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hiPSC-HLCs 5 × 10 8) were seeded into decellularized organ-derived scaffolds under circumfusion culture. Carriers that can contain a large number of hiPSC-derived cells and evaluate their functions in vivo-like environments will become increasingly important for understanding disease pathogenesis or treating end-stage organ failure. The mass supply of hiPSC-derived cells is technically feasible. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising cell source for elucidating disease pathology and therapy. ![]()
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